Lessons from the Past on How to Position Equity Portfolios in a U.S. Presidential Election Year

Since the first edition of the Stock Trader’s Almanac in 1967, the influence of the U.S. presidential cycle on equity markets has been widely discussed. While current geopolitical and economic conditions impact markets more sharply, those political considerations can still inform investors’ decisions.

The Third Year of a Presidential Term Is Usually the Strongest for Equity Markets

In figure 1, we plot the average trajectory of U.S. equity markets over the different years of the four-year U.S. presidential cycle. For that purpose, we use data from the Kenneth French data library, starting in June 1963, which includes all CRSP firms incorporated in the U.S. and listed on the NYSE, AMEX or NASDAQ. The data covers almost 15 presidential terms and 10 different presidents (five from each party).

The strongest year, by quite a margin, tends to be the third year in a presidential term. On average, U.S. equity markets gain 22% when the average performance over a year (independently of the year in the term) is 11.6%. The second year in the term is the weakest, with a performance average of 1.9%.

The first year of the term and the last year, i.e., the election year, show average performance. Both years return on average around 11%. Having said that, looking more closely at the trajectory of equities in this fourth year, we note that the first trimester tends to be quite weak, with almost no performance created. Then the second and third quarters are the strongest with around 4% of performance each and the last quarter is a bit weaker at 2.6%

Figure 1: Average U.S. Equity Market Performance Depending on the Year in the Presidential Term, June 1963–November 2023

Anecdotally, here is the performance of the S&P 500 during the Biden term:

• 2021: 28.6%

• 2022: -18.51%

• 2023: 25.67%

• 2024 (up to February 13): 3.95%

So, in line with the pattern, the third year proved to be the strongest of the term so far, and the second year was the weakest. However, the first year in Biden’s term was above average.

High-Quality and Value Stocks Love a Presidential Year

Digging further into this presidential term data, we can try to compare the performance of different type of stocks. In figure 2, we focus on four ways to split the U.S. markets:

• High quality/low quality

• Large/small caps

• Cheap/expensive (based on price-to-earnings ratio (P/E))

• High/low dividend payer

Figure 2: Average Factor Performance during the Final Year of the Presidential Term, June 1963–November 2023

Across all four analyses, we note that the premium usually observed between both groups of stocks is exacerbated in election years:

• On average, high-quality stocks outperform the market, while low-quality stocks underperform. This creates a 3.4% performance differential in favor of high quality in an average year. In election years, this differential is increased by almost 2%, to 5.3%. The reason is that high quality does even better than usual and low quality does even worse.

• On average, small caps outperform the market, while large-cap stocks mostly match the market. This creates a 2.4% performance differential in favor of small caps in an average year. In presidential election years, this differential is increased by almost 3%, to 5.3%. The reason is that small caps do a lot better than usual.

• On average, value stocks outperform the market, while expensive stocks slightly underperform the market. This creates a 3.4% performance differential in favor of value stocks in an average year. In election years, this differential is increased by more than 7%, to 10.8%. The reason is that value stocks do a lot better than usual and expensive stocks do a lot worse.

• Finally, on average, high-dividend stocks outperform the market, while low-dividend stocks slightly underperform the market. This creates a 0.5% performance differential in favor of high dividends in an average year. In election years, this differential is increased by almost 3.5%, to 3.8%. The reason is that high dividend stocks do even better than usual, and the low dividend stocks do worse.

Timing-wise, this exacerbation of factor performance is not homogeneous. High quality tend to outperform almost the full year on a regular basis with a slightly stronger second and third trimester. The other three create the extra outperformance mostly in the second half of the year, after having been dominated in the first half.

Conclusion

This is not a year to sit on the sidelines. The presidential cycle suggests positive equity performance could be expected in the last nine months of 2024. Factors like high quality, high dividend, value stocks and small caps could benefit in those periods. Interestingly enough, this positioning aligns well with our current market outlook, which favors high-dividend and quality stocks to adapt to the current uncertainty in the market wrought by the many elections around the world (half the world population is voting in 2024) and the unpredictability of central banks around monetary loosening. But also to benefit from expected rate cuts in the second half of the year, which could push markets higher.

Pierre Debru is an employee of WisdomTree Ireland Limited, a European subsidiary of WisdomTree Asset Management Inc.’s parent company, WisdomTree, Inc.